creation of sikhism

[91][92], Service in Sikhism takes three forms: Tan (physical service, i.e. [31][32], After its inception, Sikhism grew as it gained converts among Hindus and Muslims in the Punjab region. It is the 5th largest religion in the world with about 30 million believers. Sculpture at Mehdiana Sahib of the execution of Banda Singh Bahadur in 1716 by the Mughals. The Guru's message clearly conveyed an unprecedented effort to enlighten a society steeped in superstition. The Guru Granth started as a volume of Guru Nanak's poetic compositions. [58], Sikhs accept reincarnation and karma concepts found in Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism, but do not necessarily infer a metaphysical soteriology akin to those found in those other religions. Shared Philosophies of One Creative Being, Enlightenment and Formal Recognition as Guru. [263] In June 1984, the then Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi ordered Indian Army to begin Operation Blue Star against the militants. [168] The Five Ks have both practical and symbolic purposes. [64] He taught that the most important form of worship is Bhakti (devotion to Bhagvan). Ram Rai thus pleased Aurangzeb, but displeased Guru Har Rai who excommunicated his elder son. It is also akaal purkh ('beyond time and space') and nirankar ('without form'). The daily recitation of the divine name of God VaheGuru and from a memory of specific passages from the Gurū Granth Sāhib, like the Japu (or Japjī, literally chant) hymns is recommended immediately after rising and bathing. [195], Guru Angad, before joining Guru Nanak's commune, worked as a pujari (priest) and religious teacher centered around Hindu goddess Durga. [79] In Sikh worldview, the everyday world is part of the Infinite Reality, increased spiritual awareness leads to increased and vibrant participation in the everyday world. [165][166] The tradition of circling the Guru Granth Sahib and Anand Karaj among Khalsa is practised since the fourth Guru, Guru Ram Das. The recitation of the eighteenth century ardās is also customary for attending Sikhs. Cole, William Owen; Sambhi, Piara Singh (1995). Anna S. King and JL Brockington (2005), The Intimate Other: Love Divine in Indic Religions, Orient Blackswan. [102][103] Each Guru added to and reinforced the message taught by the previous, resulting in the creation of the Sikh religion. Estimates range between 200,000 and 2 million deaths of Sikhs, Hindus and Muslims. Sukhmandir Kaur is a Sikh author, educator, and the president of Dharam Khand Sikh Academy. iv. Today temples, newspapers, radio stations, and markets cater to these large, multi-generational Indo-Canadian groups. v. the baptism bequeathed by the tenth Guru, and who does not owe allegiance to any other religion, is a Sikh. "Making the Scripture a Person: Reinventing Death Rituals of Guru Granth Sahib in Sikhism", pp. [25][26][27][28][29] [48], According to Guru Nanak, the supreme purpose of human life is to reconnect with Akal ('The Timeless One'), however, egotism is the biggest barrier in making this connection. [52] As ik onkar is universally immanent, Guru is indistinguishable from Akal and are one and the same. He was a poet and created the first edition of Sikh sacred text known as the Ādi Granth (literally the first book) and included the writings of the first five Gurus and other enlightened 13 Hindu and 2 Muslim Sufi saints. Factions divided the Sikhs, and led to Anglo-Sikh wars. [13], Guru Nanak stated that his Guru is God who is the same from the beginning of time to the end of time. Robert Zaehner (1988), The Hutchinson Encyclopedia of Living Faiths, Hutchinson. [111] Chronologically, however, the Ādi Granth – literally, 'First Volume' – refers to the version of the scripture created by Guru Arjan in 1604. [245][243][242] The Tat Khalsa banished Brahmanical practices including the use of the yagna fire,[247][248] replaced by the Anand Karaj marriage ceremony in accordance with Sikh scripture, and the idols and the images of Sikh Gurus from the Golden Temple in 1905, traditions which had taken root during the administration of the mahants during the 1800s. He was born in the village of Talwandi, now called Nankana Sahib, near Lahore in present-day Pakistan. Sikh festivals include the following: Khalsa Sikhs have also supported and helped develop major pilgrimage traditions to sacred sites such as Harmandir Sahib, Anandpur Sahib, Fatehgarh Sahib, Patna Sahib, Hazur Nanded Sahib, Hemkund Sahib and others. Ranjit Singh achieved a series of military victories and created a Sikh Empire in 1799. [183] The term revelation, clarify Cole and Sambhi, in Sikhism is not limited to the teachings of Nanak, but is extended to all Sikh gurus, as well as the words of past, present and future men and women, who possess divine knowledge intuitively through meditation. Though their religions differed, they discovered shared philosophies and a common love of the divine. (Lorenzen 1995, pp. Guru Gobind Singh inaugurated the Khalsa (the collective body of all initiated Sikhs) as the Sikh temporal authority in the year 1699. Ranjit Singh had failed to establish a lasting structure for Sikh government or stable succession, and the Sikh Empire rapidly declined after his death. The Dasam Granth is largely versions of Hindu mythology from the Puranas, secular stories from a variety of sources called Charitro Pakhyan – tales to protect careless men from perils of lust. [243][244][245], Sanatan Sikhs led by Khem Singh Bedi – who claimed to be a direct descendant of Guru Nanak, Avtar Singh Vahiria and others supported a more inclusive approach which considered Sikhism as a reformed tradition of Hinduism, while Tat Khalsa campaigned for an exclusive approach to the Sikh identity, disagreeing with Sanatan Sikhs and seeking to modernize Sikhism. The Guru Granth Sahib is installed every morning and put to bed at night in many Gurdwaras. This event, states Banga, was a watershed event in Sikh history. The sixth guru, Guru Hargobind, was responsible for the creation of the concept of Akal Takht (throne of the timeless one), which serves as the supreme decision-making centre of Sikhism and sits opposite the Harmandir Sahib. The youngest of the world’s major religions, Sikhism is just five centuries old. It is sometimes synonymously referred to as the Ādi Granth. His parents, Mehta Kalu and Matta Tripat, were Hindus and belonged to the merchant caste. Sections of this page. [289], Over 60% of Sikhs belong to the Jat caste, which is an agrarian caste. [245][242][246] The Sikh Sabha movement expanded in north and northwest Indian subcontinent, leading to more than 100 Singh Sabhas. The Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan attempted political means to undermine the Sikh tradition, by dividing and influencing the succession. Since all aspects of creation are linked, humans must respect all of creation. [218] The emperor found a verse in the Sikh scripture insulting to Muslims, and Ram Rai agreed it was a mistake then changed it. He urged Nanak's father to give his son an education. One day, at the usual bath, Nanak went missing and his family feared he had drowned. The creation of the universe came from a single divine command, and human history has been helped along by divine compassion. [179], The roots of the Sikh tradition are, states Louis Fenech, perhaps in the Sant-tradition of India whose ideology grew to become the Bhakti tradition. His followers came to be known as the Udasi Sikhs, the first parallel sect of Sikhism that formed in Sikh history. Sikhism believes in a one and formless God and it does not believe in idol worship. ikk ōankār sat(i)-nām(u) karatā purakh(u) nirabha'u niravair(u) akāl(a) mūrat(i) ajūnī saibhan gur(a) prasād(i). [95] According to the Tenth Sikh Guru Guru Gobind Singh, states Pashaura Singh (a professor of Sikh studies), "one must first try all the peaceful means of negotiation in the pursuit of justice" and if these fail then it is legitimate to "draw the sword in defense of righteousness". ", Sikhs in Wolverhampton celebrate 550 years of Guru Nanak, "Understanding Sikhism in the Science Age", "Gurbani's Guidance and the Sikh's 'Destination, "Universality of the Sikh Philosophy: An Analysis", "Concept of Reincarnation in Guru Nanak's Philosophy", "Resurrection, Reincarnation, and Humanness", "Religious Movements in Hindu Social Contexts: A Study of Paradigms for Contextual 'Church' Development", "Sikhism and Restorative Justice: Theory and Practice – Pashaura Singh", "Sikhism and Restorative Justice: Theory and Practice", "Sikh Reht Maryada – Method of Adopting Gurmatta", "Sikh Reht Maryada – Funeral Ceremonies (Antam Sanskar)", "Understanding the Martyrdom of Guru Arjan", https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-birmingham-50374567, The Global Religious Landscape: Other Religions, "B.C. Information about sikhism imp concepts in question and answer format. There are many gurdwaras prominently constructed and maintained across India, as well as in almost every nation where Sikhs reside. Old copies of the Sikh scripture are not thrown away, rather funerary services are performed. Two of the Sikh Gurus – Guru Arjan and Guru Tegh Bahadur, after they refused to convert to Islam, were tortured and executed by the Mughal rulers. [226] From then on, he was known as Guru Gobind Singh, and Sikh identity was redefined into a political force resisting religious persecution.[227]. |- An authoritative scripture was created to protect the integrity of hymns and teachings of the Sikh Gurus, and thirteen Hindu and two Muslim bhagats of the Bhakti movement sant tradition in medieval India. [1][2][3][4][5][6] Sikhism is one of the youngest of the major religions and the world's fifth-largest organized religion,[7] with about 30 million Sikhs as of the early-21st century[update]. Sikhism was born in the Punjab area of South Asia, which now falls into the present day states of India and Pakistan. He was the tenth Guru of the 17 century in the Punjab region in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent. Sikhism & Cosmology. But it has a pivotal concept of Guru. "The Origins of Sikhism." Sikhism rejects the practice of converting people to other religious traditions." [253][254] The early 1980s witnessed some Sikh groups seeking an independent nation named Khalistan carved out from India and Pakistan. Pashaura Singh (2005), Understanding the Martyrdom of Guru Arjan, Journal of Punjab Studies, 12(1), pp. [266] Forming 4.7% of the total population, the western Canadian province of British Columbia is home to over 200,000 Sikhs and is the only province (or similar major subnational division) in the world outside India with Sikhism as the second most followed religion among the population. [264], Estimates state that Sikhism has some 25-30 million followers worldwide. However, Sikhs only comprise about 2% of the Indian population.[294]. "Historically, Sikh religion derives from this nirguni current of bhakti religion." Sikhs who followed Ram Rai came to be known as Ramraiya Sikhs. "[182] The second theory continues that hagiographical Janamsakhis were not written by Nanak, but by later followers without regard for historical accuracy, and contain numerous legends and myths created to show respect for Nanak. lust, rage, greed, attachment, and ego). Sikh ethics emphasize the congruence between spiritual development and everyday moral conduct. The currently accepted theory for the creation of the universe is the big bang theory which states that the universe has expanded into its current state from a primordial condition of enormous density and temperature. The Sikhs and their neighbors, for most part, ignored attempts to provoke riots and communal strife. The Sikh gurus established a mechanism which allowed the Sikh religion to react as a community to changing circumstances. Sikhism was a religion founded in the 15th century by Guru Nanak Dev. [213] Guru Hargobind carried two swords, calling one spiritual and the other for temporal purpose (known as mīrī and pīrī in Sikhism). The disciple knows that God is knowable, but is not known to him. The Sarbat Ḵẖālsā (a representative portion of the Khalsa Panth) historically gathers at the Akal Takht on special festivals such as Vaisakhi or Hola Mohalla and when there is a need to discuss matters that affect the entire Sikh nation. The landowning dominant Sikh castes, states Jodhka, "have not shed all their prejudices against the lower castes or dalits; while dalits would be allowed entry into the village gurdwaras they would not be permitted to cook or serve langar." Before the creation, there was no earth, no sky and no life. [18][19][20] Following this standard, Sikhism rejects claims that any particular religious tradition has a monopoly on Absolute Truth. [124] The text is printed in Gurumukhi script, believed to have been developed by Guru Angad,[111] but it shares the Indo-European roots found in numerous regional languages of India. He relocated to Sultanpur where his sister Nanaki lived with her husband, and took a government job distributing grain. A Sikh can be defined as any human being who faithfully believes in:[37] [245][243] By the early decades of the 20th century, the influence of Tat Khalsa increased in interpreting the nature of Sikhism and their control over the Sikh Gurdwaras. [270][271], Sikhism was founded in northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent in what is now Pakistan. [213] Guru Hargobind was soon arrested by the Mughals and kept in jail in Gwalior. The main religions of the area at the time were Hinduism and Islam. Sikhs refer to the hymns of the gurus as Gurbani ('Guru's word'). [24][190][191][192] In 1539, Guru Nanak chose his disciple Lahiṇā as a successor to the Guruship rather than either of his sons. The choice of successor, as throughout most of the history of Sikh Guru successions, led to disputes and internal divisions among the Sikhs. [62], Sikhism was influenced by the Bhakti movement,[vi][vii][viii] but it was not simply an extension of Bhakti. [74] While Western scholarship generally places Sikhism as arising primarily within a Hindu Bhakti movement milieu while recognizing some Sufi Islamic influences,[75][76]:3, 42–3 some Indian Sikh scholars disagree and state that Sikhism transcended the environment it emerged from. Louis E. Fenech (2006), Martyrdom in the Sikh Tradition, Oxford University Press, Dr Harjinder Singh Dilgeer, Sikh History in 10 Volumes, Sikh University Press, Belgium, published in 2012; vol 4, pp 49–69, sfn error: no target: CITEREFMacauliffe1909 (. Creation of the Universe. The One is indescribable yet knowable and perceivable to anyone who surrenders their egoism and meditates upon that Oneness. At the time of creation of the Khalsa, Bhai Sahib Jee were 33 years old. [137], The Dasam Granth is a scripture of Sikhs which contains texts attributed to the Guru Gobind Singh. In the Sikh holy book, the Guru Granth Sahib, creation is described by the Gurus but it is not a creation story similar to those found in Abrahamic religions or Hinduism. Monotheistic religion originating in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent, Sikh confederacy and the rise of the Khalsa, ੴ ਸਤਿ ਨਾਮੁ ਕਰਤਾ ਪੁਰਖੁ ਨਿਰਭਉ ਨਿਰਵੈਰੁ ਅਕਾਲ ਮੂਰਤਿ ਅਜੂਨੀ ਸੈਭੰ ਗੁਰ ਪ੍ਰਸਾਦਿ ॥, "Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism originated on the Indian subcontinent.". [260][261], When the partition line was formally announced in August 1947, the violence was unprecedented, with Sikhs being one of the most affected religious community both in terms of deaths, as well as property loss, injury, trauma and disruption. [172][173] According to the hagiography Puratan Janamsakhi composed more than two centuries after his death and probably based on oral tradition,[174] Nanak as a boy was fascinated by religion and spiritual matters, spending time with wandering ascetics and holy men. [196], Guru Amar Das became the third Sikh Guru in 1552 at the age of 73. [218][219] However, according to rough estimates, there are around 120–150 million (12–15 crore)[220] Guru Har Krishan became the eighth Guru at the age of five, and died of smallpox before reaching the age of eight. [clarification needed] The opening line of the Guru Granth Sahib and each subsequent raga, mentions ik onkar:[46]. { |class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" Nanak told his exasperated father that he had gotten a good bargain for his money. The partition created the "largest foot convoy of refugees recorded in [human] history, stretching over 100 kilometer long", states Banga, with nearly 300,000 people consisting of mostly "distraught, suffering, injured and angry Sikhs". [264] By late 1983, the Bhindranwale led group had begun to build bunkers and observations posts in and around the Golden Temple, with militants involved in weapons training. If this is not possible, any respectful means of disposing the body may be employed. (2020, August 27). [233] Ranjit Singh's most lasting legacy was the restoration and expansion of the Harmandir Sahib, most revered Gurudwara of the Sikhs, with marble and gold, from which the popular name of the "Golden Temple" is derived. The new Guru faced hostilities from the sons of Guru Amar Das and therefore shifted his official base to lands identified by Guru Amar Das as Guru-ka-Chak. This image is from a Sikh Ajaibghar near the towns of Mohali and Sirhind in Punjab, India. In Sikhism, Kesh (sometimes Kes) is the practice of allowing one’s hair to grow naturally as a symbol of respect for the perfection of God’s creation. The entire verses of Guru Granth Sahib are written in a form of poetry and rhyme to be recited in thirty-one Ragas of the Classical Indian Music as specified. [215] He married three women, built a fort to defend Ramdaspur and created a formal court called Akal Takht, now the highest Khalsa Sikh religious authority. The predominant bulk of Guru Granth Sahib is compositions by seven Sikh Gurus – Guru Nanak, Guru Angad, Guru Amar Das, Guru Ram Das, Guru Arjan, Guru Teg Bahadur and Guru Gobind Singh. [168], Baptised Sikhs wear five items, called the Five Ks (in Punjabi known as pañj kakkē or pañj kakār), at all times. It created a community that combines its spiritual purpose and goals with political and military duties. iii. The leader is appointed by the Shiromani Gurdwara Pabandhak Committee (SPGC). Sikh festivals such as Vaisakhi and Bandi Chhor are celebrated in those Canadian cities by the largest groups of followers in the world outside the Punjab. To males who initiated, the last name Singh, meaning "lion", was given, while the last name Kaur, meaning "princess", was given to baptised Sikh females. Gurdwaras are open to all, regardless of religion, background, caste, or race. This page was last edited on 15 February 2021, at 08:45. The Guru Granth Sahib is the holy scripture of the Sikhs, and regarded as the living Guru. Along with the Hindus, the Sikhs suffered organized violence and riots against them in West Pakistan, and Sikhs moved en masse to the Indian side leaving behind their property and the sacred places of Sikhism. It teaches followers to transform the "Five Thieves" (i.e. |- These communities developed as Sikhs migrated out of Punjab to fill in gaps in imperial labour markets. The confederacy of Sikh warrior bands known as misls emerged, but these fought between themselves. |, The word guru in Sikhism also refers to Akal Purkh (God), and God and guru can sometimes be synonymous in Gurbani (Sikh writings). [166], Upon death, the body of a Sikh is usually cremated. [95] It is related to the term dharam which in Sikhism connotes 'moral order' and righteousness (derived from but become distinct from the etymologically related Hindu concept of dharma). Cole, William Owen, and Piara Singh Sambhi (1997). The Sikhs in Pakistan, like others in the region, have been "rocked by an Islamist insurgency for more than a decade". [24] Mughal rulers of India tortured and executed two of the Sikh gurus—Guru Arjan (1563–1605) and Guru Tegh Bahadur (1621–1675)—after they refused to convert to Islam. Sikh teachings also stress the concept of sharing, or vaṇḍ chakkō, giving to the needy for the benefit of the community. [95][31][32], The term for justice in the Sikh tradition is niau. [96] Sikhism considers "an attack on dharam is an attack on justice, on righteousness, and on the moral order generally" and the dharam "must be defended at all costs". [65][68][69] Some scholars call Sikhism a Bhakti sect of Indian traditions,[70][71] adding that it emphasises "nirguni Bhakti," i.e. In sikhism ours is a loving God. [76]:201, While emphasizing Bhakti, the Sikh gurus also taught that the spiritual life and secular householder life are intertwined, and not separate. There is no particular order mentioned nor any reference to the days and time it took God to create the world like the other religions. [273][274] According to 2017 news reports, only about 20,000 Sikhs remain in Pakistan, and their population is dwindling (0.01% of the country's estimated 200 million population). Guru Nanak and the minstrel Mardana made a series of journeys which took them through much of India, the Middle East, and parts of China. How was the world created, according to Sikhism? A thorough knowledge, serious effort and steadfast devotion are necessary. [clarification needed][58][59][60] However, in Sikhism, both karma and liberation "is modified by the concept of God's grace" (nadar, mehar, kirpa, karam, etc.). [205] Guru Ram Das expanded the manji organization for clerical appointments in Sikh temples, and for revenue collections to theologically and economically support the Sikh movement. About the time he turned 30, Nanak spiritually awoke to state of complete enlightenment, and became formally recognized as Guru. Guru Nanak established a foundation of three golden rules, upon which each of his successors built. [217] Dhir Mal issued statements in favour of the Mughal state, and critical of his grandfather Guru Arjan. Approximately 75% of Sikhs live in Punjab, where they constitute over 50% of the state's population. He nominated his younger son Guru Har Krishan to succeed him in 1661. [114] It is written in the Gurmukhī script, which is a descendant of the Laṇḍā script used in the Punjab at that time. Sikh migration to Canada began in the 19th century and led to the creation of significant Sikh communities, predominantly in South Vancouver and Surrey, British Columbia, and Brampton, Ontario. [186] however, Sikhism was not simply an extension of the Bhakti movement. ੴ ਸਤਿ ਨਾਮੁ ਕਰਤਾ ਪੁਰਖੁ ਨਿਰਭਉ ਨਿਰਵੈਰੁ ਅਕਾਲ ਮੂਰਤਿ ਅਜੂਨੀ ਸੈਭੰ ਗੁਰ ਪ੍ਰਸਾਦਿ॥ [45], The traditional Mul Mantar goes from ik onkar until Nanak hosee bhee sach. Prior to 1947, in British India, millions of Sikhs lived in what later became Pakistan. As a child, Nanak spent countless hours deep in meditation on the divine. Learn Religions. The creation of a Sikh Empire began when Guru Gobind Singh sent a Sikh general, Banda Singh Bahadur, to fight the Mughal rulers of India[230][self-published source] and those who had committed atrocities against Pir Buddhu Shah. A key practice by Sikhs is remembrance[50] of the Naam (divine name) Waheguru. The universe was made by Waheguru who created the earth and all forms of life on it. However, Udasi Sikhs kept idols and images inside these Sikh temples. In 1606, he was tortured and killed by the Mughal emperor Jahangir,[209] for refusing to convert to Islam. Sikhism is classified as an Indian religion along with Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism. A gurmatā (literally, 'guru's intention') is an order passed by the Sarbat Ḵẖālsā in the presence of the Gurū Granth Sāhib. The final version of the Gurū Granth Sāhib was compiled by Guru Gobind Singh in 1678. Christopher Shackle and Arvind Mandair (2005), Teachings of the Sikh Gurus, Abingdon-on-Thames, England: Routledge. [viii][267] But however according to rough estimates, there are around 120–150 million (12–15 crore) Nanak Naam Lewas people across the world who also believe in 10 Sikh Gurus and Guru Granth Sahib. [111][113] While the Guru Granth Sahib is an unquestioned scripture in Sikhism, another important religious text, the Dasam Granth, does not enjoy universal consensus, and is considered a secondary scripture by many Sikhs. [44] Ik onkar (sometimes capitalized) is more loosely rendered 'the one supreme reality', 'the one creator', 'the all-pervading spirit', and other ways of expressing a diffused but unified and singular sense of God and creation. [25][212], After the martyrdom of Guru Arjan, his son Guru Hargobind at age eleven became the sixth Guru of the Sikhs, and Sikhism dramatically evolved to become a political movement in addition to being religious. Aurangzeb summoned Guru Har Rai, who refused to go and sent his elder son Ram Rai instead. i. The Sikhs scripture of Sri Guru Granth Sahib ji explains how the universe and all things were created. Later on Ramraiya sect grew in Dehradun with the patronage of Aurangzeb. Love is mentioned over 3000 times in the scriptures in relation to God. He is an illumined soul. [168] It was on that occasion that Gobind Singh baptised the Pañj Piārē – the five beloved ones, who in turn baptised Guru Gobind Singh himself. Some bodyguards of Maharaja Ranjit Singh at the Sikh capital, Lahore, Punjab. [259] The Sikh leaders then sought the partition instead, and Congress Working Committee passed a resolution in support of partitioning Punjab and Bengal. [234] After the death of Ranjit Singh in 1839, the Sikh Empire fell into disorder. Guru Nanak's teachings emphasised the pursuit of salvation; Guru Amar Das began building a cohesive community of followers with initiatives such as sanctioning distinctive ceremonies for birth, marriage, and death. [154] Sikh pilgrims and Sikhs of other sects customarily consider these as holy and a part of their Tirath. [121] The Gurus following on this message taught that different methods of devotion are for the same infinite God.[122]. Khalsa, Sukhmandir. According to it, idol worship promotes attachment of God with something other than God and God cannot limit Himself in the form of an idol or a stone. Jump to. The Sikhs were the economic elite and wealthiest in West Punjab, with them having the largest representation in West Punjab's aristocracy, nearly 700 Gurdwaras and 400 educational institutions that served the interests of the Sikhs. Amar Das also established the manji (comparable to a diocese) system of clerical supervision.[52]. The Sikh leaders made desperate petitions, but all religious communities were suffering in the political turmoil. panentheistic religion that originated in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent[ii] around the end of the 15th century CE. [235] The youngest son of Ranjit Singh named Duleep Singh ultimately succeeded, but he was arrested and exiled after the defeat of Sikh Khalsa. Philosophy of Creation. "[269] Within India, the Sikh population is found in every state and union territory, but it is predominantly found in the northwestern and northern states. Nanak's parents arranged a marriage for him, and he began a family. "As an Indian religion, Sikhism affirms transmigration, the continued rebirth after death". Jane Bingham (2007), Sikhism, Atlas of World Faiths. [195] The Udasis believe that the Guruship should have gone to Sri Chand, since he was a man of pious habits in addition to being Nanak's son. [255] During the discussions with the colonial authorities, Tara Singh emerged as an important leader who campaigned to prevent the partition of colonial India and for the recognition of Sikhs as the third community. As Nanak matured and approached manhood, his father arranged a coming of age ceremony for him. Gobind Singh was the final guru that is in human form. [31][32], The majority of Sikh scriptures were originally written in the alphabet of Gurmukhī, a script standardised by Guru Angad out of Laṇḍā scripts historically used in present-day Pakistan and North India. The Sikh Empire entered into a treaty with the colonial British powers, with each side recognizing Sutlej River as the line of control and agreeing not to invade the other side. The hymns in the scripture are arranged primarily by the rāgas in which they are read. [107], Guru Angad succeeded Guru Nanak. [111], The Ādi Granth was compiled primarily by Bhai Gurdas under the supervision of Guru Arjan between the years 1603 and 1604. Smaller populations of Sikhs are found within many countries in Western Europe, Mauritius, Malaysia, Philippines, Fiji, Nepal, China, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Singapore, United States, and many other countries. Philosophy of Sikhism it based on Sri Guru Granth Sahib (SGGS) originally compiled by Sri Guru Arjan Dev and later given the status of Guru by Guru Gobind Singh after adding hymns of the Ninth Guru, Guru Tegh Bahadur. Sound in the Process of Creation of Universe. According to Singha, "Sikhism does not subscribe to the theory of incarnation or the concept of prophethood. * Sikhism does not believe in miracles, whereas Hinduism believes in miracles. [8][9], Sikhism developed from the spiritual teachings of Guru Nanak, the first Guru (1469–1539),[10] and of the nine Sikh gurus who succeeded him. [82][83] According to the 9th Sikh Guru, Tegh Bahadur, the ideal Sikh should have both Shakti (power that resides in the temporal), and Bhakti (spiritual meditative qualities). The five items are: kēs (uncut hair), kaṅghā (small wooden comb), kaṛā (circular steel or iron bracelet), kirpān (sword/dagger), and kacchera (special undergarment). The foundation of Sikhism was laid down by Guru Nanak. [123] The bulk of the scripture is classified into sixty rāgas, with each Granth rāga subdivided according to length and author. [155] The Hola Mohalla around the festival of Holi, for example, is a ceremonial and customary gathering every year in Anandpur Sahib attracting over 100,000 Sikhs. 29–62. Sikhism preaches universal equality, and therefore, regards all religions and people as equal before the eyes of God. [170], Guru Nanak (1469–1539), the founder of Sikhism, was born in the village of Rāi Bhōi dī Talwandī, now called Nankana Sahib (in present-day Pakistan). Ultimately when the British Empire recognized independent India, the land was partitioned into Hindu majority India and Muslim majority Pakistan (East and West) in 1947.
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